Studia Philologica

When the Forest ʻSpeaksʼ a Foreign Language: Ecolinguistic Challenges in Translating Green Discourse (Michael Christie’s “Greenwoodˮ)

2025-06-08T08:34:53+00:00

Exploring a work of fiction from an ecolinguistic perspective involves examining how language and narrative techniques depict environmental issues, emphasising the complex relationship between humans and nature and highlighting the interconnections among language, literature and the environment. In Michael Christie’s ecofiction novel “Greenwoodˮ (2019), trees function not only as a natural backdrop but also as a central narrative element, symbolising historical memory, intergenerational connections and an ethical challenge to anthropocentrism. Consequently, the concept of ‘green’ space acquires philosophical, religious and existential dimensions within the novel. Through his chosen narrative strategies, Christie underscores the importance of preserving the natural environment despite the degradation caused by human activity, prompting readers to reflect on the urgent need for new approaches to environmental sustainability. As there is no professional Ukrainian translation of “Greenwoodˮ, the authors of the article have translated selected excerpts from the original text. This translation integrates recent developments in ecolinguistics and ecocritical studies, making it a valuable contribution to the field. Such an approach reveals the artistic and translational potential of environmental literature in general and of ecofiction in particular.

Pseudonymicon of Modern American Rap Culture (on the Material of the Units with the Structural Element "Money")

2025-10-05T06:39:18+00:00

The article is devoted to the multifaceted typology of American rap pseudonyms with the element money in their structure on the basis of the nominative, lexico-semantic, etymological, ontological, and structural features within the English-language pseudonymicon. A rap pseudonym is defined as an anthroponym deliberately created by a rapper for a new identification and unique characterization of their personality in order to emphasize a special status in show business and potentially transform into a successful and famous stage performer. Grammatically, it is characterized by a singular form, based on the referential meaning of the unit, which provides information exclusively about one rap performer. A rap pseudonym functions as a holistic nominative sign with either a morphological (word) or syntactic (phrase or sentence) structure. It was established that such units perform nominative, identificatory, esoteric, representative, communicative, emotive, stylistic, and self-expressive functions. In writing, such rap pseudonyms are capitalized, and the element "money" is fixed lexically and graphically through the dollar symbol "$". It was revealed that while the hierarchy of proper names, including these rap pseudonyms, appears as onym–anthroponym–pseudonym–artist-pseudonym–vocal-pseudonym–rap-pseudonym–rap-pseudonym-money, the hierarchy of nominative groupings to which these units belong is represented as language picture of the world–nominative space–onomasticon–anthroponymicon–pseudonymicon–rap-pseudonymicon. By analyzing various aspects of the rap pseudonyms, we identified and described a series of classifications within the American rap pseudonymicon. These include structural (according to morphological and syntactic structure), componential (according to the number of constituents), semantic (according to the type of meaning), stylistic (according to stylistic affiliation of units), etymological-componential (according to the origin and onomastic status), ontological (according to the real/fictional and original/modified criteria), and semantic-referential (according to the types of semantic classes of components) classifications.

Keywords: rap, onym, anthroponym, pseudonym, rap pseudonym, appellative, nominative space, pseudonymicon.

Media Genre of BBC Monitoring Briefing: A Linguistic Rhetorical Approach

2025-10-05T06:35:58+00:00

This article examines the rhetoric of text organisation in the media hypo-genre of the BBC Monitoring briefing defined as a verbalised techno-textual scheme of interaction between authors and the mass audience so as to briefly summarise reports from other media outlets about one or more events. The application of the rhetorical canons to the study of BBC Monitoring briefing texts brings about the following findings. From the media perspective, the texts, accompanied by photographic materials and infographics, are placed in the centre of a webpage and consist of the headline, the introduction "At a glance", and the "Full Story" section. The "At a glance" introduction briefly dwells on the main events indicated in the headline. The "Full Story" section elaborates on the content of both the headline and the introduction. Both sections are structured symmetrically to the headline, i.e. front the linguistic unitsreferring to media sources or event participants while the predicates denote their activity. The selection of naming means in the text depends on the subject matter, which in the reports under analysis covers the war in Ukraine, Russia's relationships with former Soviet republics, new allies, enemies, as well as state institutions. The analysis of forty headlines representing BBC Monitoring briefing genre reveals two main characteristics of word usage. First, most headlines begin with reference to the source of information by constructions that consist of the country name and the type of media source. These are followed by predicates that denote the action of the referents named at the beginning of a paragraph. Second, the predicates are combined with subordinate clauses or constructions that denote the event itself.

From Landscape to Language: TRAUMA in Trench Poetry

2025-10-05T06:26:09+00:00

This article explores the ecopoetics of trauma in World War I trench poetry. The analysis demonstrates how references to destroyed landscapes, fields, trees, and weather phenomena function not only as descriptive background but as linguistic vehicles for articulating psychological devastation. Particular attention is given to semantic shifts in traditional natural symbols (sun, rain, river, earth), which acquire connotations of death, sterility, and despair. Drawing on works by Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Isaac Rosenberg, and others, the study shows that metaphor, syntactic fragmentation, and disrupted temporal structures serve as cognitive mechanisms of trauma verbalisation. The findings suggest that trench poetry constitutes a linguistic archive of trauma, in which nature itself is reconfigured as a medium of memory and collective mourning

Formation Resources of the English Terminology of Inclusive Education

2025-10-05T06:34:32+00:00

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the resources of forming the English terminological system of inclusive education in the modern educational environment. The role of terminology as a tool for standardizing knowledge, communication and scientific understanding of inclusion problems is considered. It is shown that the development of inclusive education requires a clear delineation of the terminological apparatus, since it is the terms that ensure accuracy in defining concepts, unambiguousness in use and unity in the interpretation of international and national educational documents.

The formation of the English-language terminological system is based on international regulatory acts, such as the "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities", "Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education", as well as numerous legislative acts of the USA (in particular the "Individuals with Disabilities Education Act" - IDEA). An important role in this process is played by glossaries, encyclopedias and textbooks on pedagogy, psychology and special education, which systematize, unify and disseminate professional vocabulary.

Particular attention is paid to the analysis of key concepts of English-language inclusive education: "inclusive education", "special educational needs", "learning disabilities", "barrier-free environment", "universal design for learning", "accessibility" and their Ukrainian counterparts. It is emphasized that when translating and adapting terms, it is necessary to take into account not only the lexical-semantic aspect, but also the cultural-pedagogical context in order to avoid shifting meanings.

The terminological base of inclusive education performs a number of functions: cognitive (ensuring the scientific validity of concepts), communicative (unification of interdisciplinary and intercultural communication), normative (consolidating standards in legislation and educational policy) and practical (ensuring the effective work of teachers, psychologists, social workers). It is noted that the terms must meet the criteria of accuracy, conciseness, unambiguousness and international comprehensibility.

The Political Rhetoric of King Charles III: a Stylistic and Functional Analysis

2025-09-19T16:30:01+00:00

The aim of this article is to identify, classify, and interpret the stylistic devices and tropes used in the political speeches of King Charles III (2022-2025), and to analyze their functions in the context of contemporary monarchical discourse.

Five main types of stylistic devices have been identified: syntactic-structural (e.g., anaphora, inversion), emotional-expressive (e.g., rhetorical questions, allusions), ritualistic (e.g., archaisms, ceremonial formulas), humanistic (e.g., inclusivity, moral appeals), and performative (e.g., intonation, pausing).

It has been determined that stylistic techniques perform a representative function of the monarch, and they become a means of forming political culture, mobilizing social values, and adapting the monarchy to the new conditions of the global world.

The study reveals that Charles III’s speeches represent a model of strategically structured, stylistically refined, and functionally multifaceted discourse. The monarch’s language blends verbal tradition, institutional legitimacy, and contemporary communicative sensitivity.

The study results show that Charles III’s speeches are the element of the British monarchy’s “soft power”.

Alternative Worlds' Dynamics: Mythic-semiotic Focus

2025-09-28T18:11:59+00:00

The article discusses universal systemic premises of alternative worlds' modeling. The paper focuses on the pre-conceptual stage of generating logical realities of diverse modalities. Special attention is paid to the model of attractors that represents irrational pragmatic stimuli that determine the verbal practices of generating semiotic-discursive construals known as alternative worlds. The paper outlines basic variants of a world's transformation as open systems' transitions.

Theoretical Foundations of Multimodal Nationally-biased Lexicon Research in Linguistics and Translation Studies

2025-09-06T19:34:10+00:00

This article explores the theoretical underpinnings of nationally-biased lexicon research, focusing on the concept of "realia" as culturally specific lexical units. It examines the dynamic and context-dependent nature of realia, their classifications, and the challenges they pose in translation studies. The study integrates multimodality theory to address the interplay of verbal and nonverbal elements in translating realia, emphasizing adaptation strategies to achieve cultural and functional equivalence. By synthesizing key perspectives from linguistics and translation studies, this article highlights the significance of realia as cultural markers and the need for nuanced translation strategies to preserve their meaning across cultures.

Norwegian Preposition «på»: Semantic Categories and Tactics of Translation into English

2025-10-05T06:41:46+00:00

The article presents a research of Norwegian preposition på semantics and the ways of rendering it into English. The objective of our research is the semantic classification of meanings of på in the original Norwegian text and the analysis of corresponding translations in the parallel corpus. The corpus for the research is the novel “Snømannen” (“Snowman”, 2007) by Jo Nesbø and its official English translation. The results show that Norwegian preposition på encompasses at least 14 semantic categories (spatial, temporal, attributive, part-whole related etc.) and are never rendered by the same equivalent. General conclusions prove that Norwegian preposition på possesses a vast spectrum of meanings, which demands the flexibility of translation tactics. Our research suggests a consistent classification of meanings of på and gives practical recommendations to translators regarding the choice of English equivalents.

Neologisms in the Diplomatic Discourse of Romance-Language Countries: Semantic Shifts, Translation and English Adaptations

2025-09-06T19:37:04+00:00

The study arises from the increasing role of English as the dominant language of international diplomacy and the growing presence of neologisms of Romance origin in diplomatic communication. Previous linguistic research has examined the adaptation of foreign terms in English, but little attention has been given to the specific influence of Italian, French, and Spanish, including the Rioplatense Spanish variant, on the formation of new diplomatic vocabulary. This gap prompts a focused investigation into how such lexemes are borrowed, reinterpreted, and semantically adapted in international, intercultural, or cross-cultural communication. This research aims to analyze the semantic transformation of neologisms derived from Romance languages in English diplomatic texts and to trace how their meanings evolve in connection with broader political, regional, and intercultural dynamics. The study uses qualitative semantic analysis of a selected corpus of over 100 authentic, publicly accessible international documents issued by diplomatic bodies, multilateral organizations, and foreign ministries between 2020 and 2025. The findings reveal a pattern of semantic narrowing and contextual shift in Romance-derived terms once integrated into English diplomatic discourse. These lexical units often lose part of their original cultural and pragmatic meanings while gaining new, function-specific connotations relevant to international cooperation, negotiation, and institutional discourse. Moreover, certain neologisms show varied interpretations depending on the linguistic and cultural background of the users, occasionally leading to asymmetries in mutual understanding. The study concludes that Romance-based neologisms play a key role in shaping modern diplomatic English. Their use reflects ongoing processes of linguistic globalization and intercultural negotiation. These findings may help improve understanding of neologisms and ways of lexis enrichment, refine translation practices, terminological databases, and educational programs.

Conceptualization of Positive Evaluation in the Old English Poetry

2025-10-05T06:43:49+00:00

The study of axiological semantics in linguistics has traditionally focused on synchronic analysis, which has limited the understanding of the dynamics in the development of evaluative concepts. Previous works have largely concentrated on modern languages and their functional styles, failing to provide a comprehensive picture of how evaluativity was formed from a historical perspective. This article is based on the conclusion that diachronic analysis is critically important for understanding the evolution of evaluative categories, and it aims to model the conceptual structure of positive evaluation in Old English poetry.

The research objective is to construct a diachronic-conceptual model of positive evaluation using Old English poetry, which will allow for the identification of key semantic components and their evolution. To achieve this, a list of 26 adjectives that verbalize positive evaluation was compiled.

The main results of the study include the modeling of a frame-and-slot structure for the concept of GOOD, which consists of five key semantic slots: INTERNAL QUALITY, SOCIAL STATUS, FUNCTIONAL COMPETENCE, EXCEPTIONALITY, and UTILITARIANISM. The analysis confirmed that the concept of positive evaluation in Old English is anthropocentric, multifaceted, and based on moral, social, physical, and functional qualities. It was established that dictionary definitions mostly correspond to contextual usage, though some lexemes exhibit pragmatic variability, which points to the dynamic nature of evaluation.

The conclusions confirm that the conceptual model of positive evaluation in Old English poetry is formed on the basis of etymological roots that originally denoted specific physical actions and phenomena and later acquired a more abstract meaning. This demonstrates that evaluative concepts are not static but are the result of gradual evolution, reflecting changes in the social system of values.

Symbol Frequency as a Component of the Statistical Profile of M.Yatskiv’s Short Stories Idiolect

2025-10-05T06:37:26+00:00

This article presents a quantitative analysis of literary text at the graphological and phonetic levels. The study is based on the experimental research corpus of short stories by M. Yatskiv. A text array has been created for statistical research at the symbol (grapheme) level. The absolute (number) and relative frequency of each symbol of the extended Ukrainian alphabet has been calculated in the entire text array. Based on these frequencies, the rank of each symbol has been determined, and entropy has been calculated using the standard formula for the corpus as a whole, as well as for sequentially and randomly selected text segments of 108 characters each. For the entire text array and separately for sequentially and randomly selected segments, the distribution of characters by type and the euphony of the text have been calculated. Euphony has been defined as the proportion of vowels, sonorants, and voiced consonants in the text. The degree of correspondence between the frequencies of characters in the entire corpus and in the segments has been assessed using Pearson’s chi-squared test. The frequency distribution of characters in the research text array has been taken as the hypothetical theoretical distribution function, and the chi-squared statistics have been calculated for each segment. The null hypothesis stated that “the frequency distribution of characters in a given segment does not differ from the corresponding distribution in the full text.” Simultaneously, the rank of each character in the frequency distribution has been determined for every segment. All calculations have been made using programs in Python. The results have been compared with similar analysis of short stories by Vasyl Stefanyk. The findings demonstrate that even a randomly selected segment as small as one hundredth of the corpus can approximate the overall frequency distribution of characters with high probability. Moreover, the results indicate that for novellas as a genre with stable structural elements within a specific period of a national literature (e.g., Yatskiv and Stefanyk), linguistic statistics show minimal variation.

Exoticisms and Barbarisms in Biographical Novel Translation (Case Study of D. Goodwin’s "Diva")

2025-10-05T06:40:35+00:00

The article is focused on rendering exoticisms and barbarisms in the translation of a biographical novel, namely Diva by Daisy Goodwin (translated by the author of this article). The research material contains numerous exoticisms and barbarisms used in the novel to create an atmosphere of ‘otherness’, to symbolize the sophisticated life of a diva, as well as her life’s work at the opera and her more ‘human’ side: love, temptation etc. Due to the original containing multiple borrowed words to create such symbolism, it has been logical for the translator to use a similar strategy in their rendering: both exoticisms and barbarisms remain alien and otherworldly, however, to avoid overwhelming the reader with the abundance of foreign vocabulary, the translator adds description or (mostly) commentary.

The Holodomor in Ukrainian Literature

2025-09-30T20:01:36+00:00

This lecture, delivered on July 3, 2025, at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich within the workshop “Counter-Sentences. Feminist Perspectives in Slavic Studies”, forms part of the broader project “The Memory of the Holodomor in Slavic Literature” (Leipzig University, 2024). The project aims to introduce Western academia to the diverse literary and cultural representations of the Holodomor across various genres, including prose, drama, poetry, comics, and film.

The lecture begins with an overview of Ukrainian literature and its role in shaping Holodomor Studies, followed by a discussion of current scholarly approaches to interpreting famine narratives. It then explores the representation of the Holodomor in fiction written both in emigration and in Ukraine itself. Finally, the lecture presents two case studies: Vasyl Barka’s Der gelbe Fürst (1962), a canonical novel about Holodomor written in immigration, and Tanya Pyankova’s Das Zeitalter der roten Ameisen (2022), a contemporary engagement with the famine’s memory written in independent Ukraine. Together, these perspectives highlight how literature negotiates trauma, memory, and identity in relation to one of the twentieth century’s most devastating historical events.

The Image of the Flâneur and its New Vision in Patrick Modianoʼs Novel “In the Cafe of Lost Youth”

2025-10-05T06:30:28+00:00

This study examines the portrayal of the flâneur in Patrick Modiano’s «In the Café of Lost Youth», exploring how Modiano reimagines this established trope within a contemporary Parisian landscape. The analysis will delve into the specific attributes of the flâneur figure in P. Modiano’s novel, comparing it with three established types within the modern canon: the flâneur-writer, the flâneur-detective and the flâneur-marginal. Also, the nuances of the feminine manifestation of the flâneur image in the novel are investigated. Further, the study examines how P. Modiano redefines the flâneurʼs role in a more contemporary manner influenced by mid-20th-century French psychogeography. The study demonstrates how «drift», a new practice of city perception, affects the flâneurʼs experience and illuminates the complex relationship between the flâneur of the 19th century, the modern city and the newly evolved version of the city walker.

The History of Ukrainian-Jewish Relations Through the Prism of Fiction

2025-09-23T10:34:55+00:00

Ukrainian war, we are witnessing the emergence of civil society in our country. Various national communities, whose representatives are citizens of our country, are participating in these political processes. In this context, the aim of the study is to examine and analyze the centuries-old history of Ukrainian-Jewish relations through the prism of works of fiction.

The Transformation of Literary Genres in the Digital Age

2025-10-05T06:32:36+00:00

This article examines the in-depth evolution of literary genres in the digital age, focusing on the impact of digital technologies, hypertextuality, social media platforms, and interactive media on traditional literary forms. The twenty-first century has been characterized by rapid digitalization, which has reshaped not only modes of communication but also the cultural systems through which literature is produced, distributed, and consumed. The shift from print to digital culture has challenged inherited assumptions about the stability of genres and about the very nature of what constitutes literature. By focusing on both continuity and change, the study seeks to demonstrate how the digital environment has opened new creative horizons while simultaneously raising fundamental theoretical questions for literary studies. The analysis foregrounds how classic genres—novel, poetry, and drama—have evolved in digital environments, giving rise to hybrid and experimental formats. Novels, for example, which historically developed as extended prose narratives with complex plots and character development, have been reconfigured into web novels, serialized online fiction, and fanfiction. These forms thrive on digital platforms such as Wattpad or Archive of Our Own, where amateur and professional authors alike experiment with narrative structures, engage readers in direct interaction, and blur the line between production and reception. Poetry, once confined to the printed page, now appears as digital or visual poetry, algorithmically generated verse, or “Instapoetry” disseminated via social networks like Instagram. Such poetry combines text, image, and design in multimodal arrangements, turning reading into an aesthetic experience that is both literary and visual. Drama has also undergone profound changes: traditional theatre is complemented by interactive/VR performances and narrative-driven video games such as Life is Strange or Detroit: Become Human. These forms retain the performative and dialogic core of drama but embed it within immersive environments that demand active participation from audiences. Taken together, these examples reveal that digital literature is not a marginal phenomenon but a central arena where genres are being redefined in real time. Drawing on theoretical approaches from literary studies, cultural studies, and digital humanities, the article highlights the main tendencies in the reshaping of literary genres. Four processes appear particularly crucial. The first is multimodality: the integration of verbal, visual, auditory, and interactive codes within a single work. Unlike traditional literature, which privileges written text, digital literature invites the reader to navigate between modes, thereby altering the experience of meaning-making. The second is interactivity, whereby the reader no longer remains a passive consumer but becomes a co-creator of meaning. Hypertext fiction, branching narratives, and game-based storytelling require choices, decisions, and interpretive engagement that shape the course of the text. The third is transmediality: stories unfold across multiple platforms, with each medium contributing to the expansion of the narrative world. Literary genres thus become nodes within broader media ecosystems, extending from novels to films, video games, fan communities, and virtual reality installations. The fourth is democratization: digital environments lower the barriers to literary production, enabling a wide range of voices, including marginalized communities, to participate in creating and circulating literature. These dynamics show how digital transformation is not merely technical but also cultural and political, redefining the authority of authors, publishers, and critics. The findings underline the dual nature of digital transformation. On the one hand, it expands creative possibilities, fosters experimentation, and increases accessibility. Literature can now be produced collaboratively, disseminated instantly across the globe, and re-imagined through multimedia and interactive affordances. For example, readers may annotate texts, contribute to story development, or remix existing works, creating new genres in the process. On the other hand, digital transformation challenges traditional concepts of authorship, textuality, and canon formation. If authorship becomes distributed among multiple contributors, how do we define originality? If texts are endlessly revisable and fragmentary, what counts as a literary work? If the canon is no longer established by academic institutions but by online communities, how stable are the categories of “classic” and “popular”? These questions point to deep tensions between innovation and tradition, between openness and authority. The article concludes by outlining future perspectives of literary genres in the context of artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and global digital communication. Artificial intelligence already generates poems, short stories, and even novels, raising debates about creativity, authenticity, and human-machine collaboration. While some critics see AI literature as derivative and lacking intentionality, others argue that it opens novel possibilities for aesthetic experimentation, algorithmic creativity, and hybrid authorship. Virtual reality, meanwhile, promises immersive narrative environments where literature merges with architecture, performance, and design. In such contexts, the boundaries between genres blur further, giving rise to interactive theatre, narrative gaming, and embodied storytelling. Global digital communication ensures that these innovations circulate rapidly across cultural and linguistic boundaries, fostering cross-cultural hybridization but also creating challenges of preservation, accessibility, and critical evaluation. Beyond technological innovation, the article stresses that the study of digital literature must be situated within the broader framework of the digital humanities. This interdisciplinary field combines computational tools with humanistic inquiry, enabling large-scale analysis of digital texts, visualization of intertextual patterns, and investigation of online communities. By adopting methods of textual analysis, comparative genre studies, and digital ethnography, researchers can capture the multidimensional processes through which genres evolve in the digital environment. Case studies of platforms such as Wattpad, AO3, and Instagram illustrate how participatory culture not only reshapes literature but also fosters new forms of identity, community, and cultural negotiation. For instance, fanfiction communities challenge canonical authority, amplify marginalized voices, and generate alternative narrative universes. Instapoetry reaches audiences who might never read traditional poetry, democratizing literary culture but also raising questions about commercialization and aesthetic value. Such examples demonstrate that digital genres are simultaneously inclusive and contested, experimental and institutionalized. The article also addresses implications for education and cultural preservation. In classrooms, digital literature can be used to foster critical literacy, creativity, and intercultural competence. By engaging students with multimodal texts, educators can encourage them to analyze the interplay of language, image, and design, as well as the role of interactivity and choice. Digital genres also highlight global perspectives, exposing students to diverse cultural voices and collaborative forms of creativity. At the same time, the ephemerality of digital formats poses significant risks for preservation. Unlike print texts, which can survive for centuries in libraries and archives, digital works may vanish due to platform obsolescence, lack of archival infrastructure, or changes in corporate ownership. Ensuring the survival of digital literature requires sustained institutional commitment to open access, metadata standards, and digital preservation strategies. From a sociocultural perspective, the transformation of genres reflects larger patterns of globalization, cultural hybridity, and identity formation. Online communities are often transnational, bringing together authors and readers from different cultural backgrounds. This diversity enriches literary production but also challenges traditional notions of national literature and linguistic boundaries. Genres such as web novels from East Asia, fanfiction in English, or digital poetry in multilingual formats demonstrate how literary innovation increasingly occurs in cross-cultural spaces. The digital age thus demands new frameworks for comparative literature that move beyond national canons to account for global flows of texts, images, and narratives. In terms of methodology, the article combines close reading of digital texts with contextual analysis of platforms and communities. It emphasizes that literary genres cannot be studied solely as textual categories but must be understood as dynamic cultural practices shaped by technology, institutions, and audiences. The comparative approach highlights both continuity and rupture: web novels recall the seriality of nineteenth-century print culture but innovate through interactivity and reader engagement; Instapoetry resonates with modernist brevity but adapts to the affordances of social media; VR drama inherits the performativity of theatre but situates it within immersive spaces. These comparisons demonstrate that genres are not disappearing in the digital age but rather mutating, hybridizing, and adapting. Finally, the article points toward future directions of research. Longitudinal studies are needed to trace which digital genres persist, which fade, and which transform into new categories. Comparative cross-cultural studies can illuminate differences in how genres evolve in distinct linguistic and cultural contexts. Analyses of authorship and identity can reveal how digital platforms reshape the relationship between creators, audiences, and institutions. Educational research can explore how digital literature fosters literacy, creativity, and intercultural understanding. And theoretical reflection must continue to question how genres are defined, how texts acquire meaning, and how literature functions within a digital, globalized society. In conclusion, the transformation of literary genres in the digital age illustrates a profound cultural shift toward interactivity, inclusivity, and multimodality. The digital environment has expanded the possibilities of literary creation, circulation, and reception, enabling voices once excluded from mainstream publishing to gain visibility. At the same time, it has destabilized inherited concepts of authorship, textuality, and canon formation, forcing scholars, educators, and readers to rethink the foundations of literary culture. As technology continues to evolve—through artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, and global communication networks — literature will remain at the forefront of negotiating the boundaries between human creativity and digital innovation. This ongoing transformation demands critical engagement, interdisciplinary methodologies, and openness to new forms of expression, ensuring that literature retains its role as a vital medium of cultural reflection in the digital century.