Studia Philologica

Multilingual Car Stickers with Text: Linguopragmatic and Legal Perspectives

2025-03-22T20:33:24+00:00

The paper is devoted to a linguistic analysis of stickers with verbal signs, purposefully applied to different parts of cars to distinguish them from other vehicles. Stickers on a car are a design solution by individuals and legal entities to make it unique and original. The stickers were classified based on the global pragmatic goals of the addressees of such communicative messages to the social world: compliance with the law, promotion of goods and/or services, and personal free expression. Accordingly, they can be classified as formal, or official, informal, or decorative types of stickers. The verbal signs are a direct incentive for the addressee to come into contact with the inscription made by the addressee and react (think, feel, act) in a certain way. In this way, one more fragment of the ethnic communicative space of Ukrainian society is created. The paper shows that while compliance with the law involves the use of standardised stickers, advertising and self-expression are characterised by more or less free linguistic creativity. If the promotion of a product or service is aimed at satisfying social needs for the sake of survival, financial success, self-affirmation, etc., the need for decorative verbal markings of a car is due to the existing needs for self-expression, respect, belonging to a certain community, etc. Verbal labels are nominative (words, abbreviations, shortenings) and communicative (phrases, sentences, small texts) signs in Germanic, Slavic and Latin, displayed in different colours, fonts and sizes on the car glass or body. In this way, the main communicative signal is reinforced, namely the idea of why this or that sticker was created. In terms of pragmatics, the identified intentions (the list of which is far from being exhaustive), realising the Ego of individuals, actually reveal different aspects of their personalities – people express their attitude to many fragments of this multifaceted world through the corresponding stickers. One of the main intentions is to express their negative attitude to the war, love for their Motherland, and the vision of Ukraine in Europe.

Idioms of Human Mental Abilities' Negative Assessment Semantics in English and Spanish

2025-04-12T07:02:03+00:00

This research deals with the category of evaluation and assessment in phraseology, in particular its usage in two European languages, English and Spanish, in comparison. It reveals the negative semantics phraseological units (PUs) study and negative assessment creating methods analysis in phraseological formations with a negative attitude towards the mental abilities of a man, some peculiarities in their functioning in both languages. It was found out how a negative evaluation in a phraseological unit can be created and what it depends on. The differences between its usage in English and Spanish PUs described. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of a man’s mental abilities negative assessment phraseological units is given.

International Legal English Discourse: its Notion and Main Peculiarities

2025-02-13T21:18:46+00:00

This research reveals international legal discourse main peculiarities. The issue discussed includes international legal discourse distinction from related types of discourse – legal and diplomatic ones. International legal discourse was formed on the overlap of diplomatic and legal discourses. Thus, international legal discourse in English has such significant peculiarities as assimilation, institutionalization, prolixity, ambiguity, use of Latinisms and French loanwords, impersonalization, excessive solemnity and politeness, use of words associated with legal discourse including archaisms as well as legal terms, etc. Therefore, international legal discourse is an autonomous type of discourse that gradually changes and reveals perspectives for the future research.

Applied and Existential Aspects of the Implementation of the National Standard of Ukrainian Latinics

2025-01-11T16:11:48+00:00

This article aims to consider Latinization systems for Ukrainian language in comparison with transliteration standards of other languages. The basis for this study is the need for a scholarly based Latinization of Ukrainian texts, taking into account the historical development of the Ukrainian language, which has become especially relevant in connection with the real prospects of Ukraine's European integration.

Currently, two different Romanization systems are in force in Ukraine: Resolution No. 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On streamlining the transliteration of the Ukrainian alphabet into Latin” dated January 27, 2010, which guides the Romanization of Ukrainian names into English, and the national transliteration standard DSTU 9112:2021 “Information and documentation – Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic re-transliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules”.

The purpose of this study is to find out the linguistic, technological, historical, legal and existential aspects of Ukraine's practical use of the transliteration norms of the Latinization of Ukrainian texts and to develop appropriate recommendations for the use of these norms.

An objective comparative analysis of approaches generally accepted in world linguistics and in international standardization against the Ukrainian background shows that the transcoding table of Resolution No. 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine does not meet the needs of our state in the field of transliteration.

The main advantages of DSTU 9112:2021 include its compliance with international requirements for transliteration, consistency with the international standard ISO 9:1995 and fixation of the antiquity of the Ukrainian language. Because of this, DSTU 9112:2021 is suitable not only for bibliography, but also for historical monuments of Ukraine and use in modern linguistic technologies that require Latinization. In particular, DSTU 9112:2021 provides an opportunity to restore the original form of texts, which include not only ordinary Ukrainian words, but also abbreviations. This feature makes it indispensable for huge text arrays of millions and billions of words, the transliteration of which takes place automatically.

From a legal point of view, the use of DSTU 9112:2021 will contribute to the practical implementation of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as a State Language” regarding the use of the Ukrainian language, studying the Ukrainian language abroad, spread of the Ukrainian language in the world, writing of Ukrainian names, toponyms, and other names.

The best option for Ukraine is the wide implementation of DSTU 9112:2021 “Information and documentation – Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic re-transliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules”. For this, an appropriate decision must be made at the state level.

“Perpetual State of Disrepair”: A Critical Discourse Analysis of a Speech on the Worst Highways in the Philippines

2025-01-11T16:08:21+00:00

This study utilizes Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework to examine a legislative speech in the Philippine House of Representatives concerning the severe state of rural road infrastructure. Through textual analysis, this research identifies the strategic use of rhetorical devices—including hyperbole, metaphor, and verdictive speech acts—that influence audience perception and garner support for infrastructure projects. Rhetorical appeals such as ethos, logos, and pathos are highlighted as instrumental in establishing credibility, constructing logical arguments, and evoking emotional responses. The speech style, tone, and delivery reflect formal legislative discourse, while revealing the speaker's power dynamics through non-decision-making and ideological influence. By focusing on sociocultural dimensions, this study uncovers the role of language in shaping socio-political agendas and influencing public discourse on infrastructure. The findings contribute to the global understanding of political language as a tool for mobilizing action on socio-economic issues, illustrating how discourse analysis can unveil power structures and ideological forces at play in policy-making.

The Epidigmatic Aspects of Translation: English-Ukrainian correspondences

2025-02-18T18:08:25+00:00

The article explores the epidigmatic aspects of translation between English and Ukrainian, focusing on the complexities of rendering polysemous words across languages. It highlights how meaning is context-dependent and shaped by historical, cultural, and cognitive factors, making translation a dynamic process of negotiation rather than a straightforward transfer of meaning. The study demonstrates that the epidigmatic approach enhances translation accuracy by considering multi-layered semantic correspondences and contextual dependencies. Practical applications in literary translation illustrate the method’s effectiveness in maintaining meaning correspondences in the target language.

The Use of Allusions in Charlie Kaufman’s Novel “Antkind”: an Interpretative Cognitive-discursive Approach

2025-03-13T20:06:47+00:00

The article considers approaches to the study and classification of allusion as an intertextual unit in fiction discourse based on the novel “Antkind” by the American writer and screenwriter Charlie Kaufman. The cognitive-discursive approach to the study of allusion is based on the correlation of a word or any other language form and the intellectual activity of the author of the novel and the reader. The interpretative method of identifying allusion in literary discourse involves several stages: recognition, verification, understanding of the allusion, its interpretation in a specific context. As a result of the study, literary and artistic, mythological, biblical, cinematic, historical allusions and separately precedent phenomena were identified. Precedent phenomena are independent concepts that are part of the cognitive base of Charlie Kaufman and his readers, the decoding of which is carried out through thinking activity. The analyzed text fragments with the inclusion of allusions allow us to conclude that allusion is inextricably linked with the cultural component – real historical events, personalities, literary works, etc. For Charlie Kaufman, allusions are denotatives with a hidden meaning that can be decoded only by those readers whose cognitive base contains the relevant prior information.

Marking Intertextuality in the Artistic Discourse of the Twentieth Century

2025-02-13T21:24:19+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of marking intertextual inclusions in literary discourse in order to reveal the semantic and functional potential of implicit and explicit markers of intertextuality in the works of American and English writers of the twentieth century. The analysis of intertextuality in artistic discourse helped to identify intertextual markers and determine the means of their representation, systematize intertextual inclusions and establish their discursive and functional potential. The research material was based on the novels "The Crying of Lot 49" by Thomas Pynchon and "A History of the World in 10½ Chapters" by Julian Barnes. The research methodology involved the method of close reading to analyze the structure of the novels, the method of textual analysis of the selected works, the methods of linguistic and intertextual analysis to identify and describe different types of intertextuality and intertextual relations, the method of intermedial analysis to establish semantic connections between intertextual elements belonging to related arts, the semantic stylistics method to describe linguistic and stylistic resources and their semantics, the deconstruction method for identifying indirect intertextual connections between interacting texts. The criteria for identification and typologization of intertextual markers are developed: direct and indirect. The peculiarities of semantics and functioning of intertextual markers in the analyzed corpus of material are outlined. The results of the study are based on the development of the author's taxonomy of direct and indirect markers of intertextuality, which will allow to assess the impact of the level of reader's competence on the understanding of literary texts.

Interdiscursivity of the Literary Text: Universal and Idiosyncratic Features

2025-03-31T18:05:16+00:00

The article explores universal and idiosyncratic features of interdiscursivity, represented in the selected works of Nobel laureate J. M. Coetzee. Interdiscursivity is defined as a cognitive-communicative strategy for the semantic and structural construction of a literary text, aimed at ensuring the interaction with the reader. It is established that in the examined works, interdiscursivity forms a new model of meaning- and text-creation, characterized by its epistemic properties. These properties are differentiated based on the developed prototype model of discourse, which includes the following features: (1) the type of knowledge underlying the formation of discourse; (2) the pragmatic orientation; (3) the features of linguistic-stylistic, plot-compositional, and narrative organization; (4) the tonal system; (5) the communicative goal. Changes in the epistemic traits of discourse signal a discursive "shift," which is accompanied by the emergence of pragma-stylistic effects such as cognitive-emotional tension, cognitive-emotional dissonance, intensification of reader engagement, semantic gaps/distortion, cognitive overload, etc.

Keywords: discourse, text, interdiscursivity, prototype, genre, style, communication.

The "Harbinger of Chaos": Semantic Anatomy of a Simulacrum

2025-03-30T17:28:52+00:00

This article analyses a number of statements delivered by E. Musk in mass media interviews and posted via the Twitter / X platform. The paper argues that the discursive statements under analysis do not meet the criterion of truth and therefore are identified as simulacra. The article focuses on the reconstruction of propositions that generate false senses in the said statements. The paper provides typological semiotic and functional characteristics of respective language units. Special attention is paid to the reconstruction of a "virus program" encoded in Musk's statement on empathy. The statement's inner "textual structure" and its frame representation are suggested. Interdisciplinary interpretations are carried out in the framework of the myth-oriewnted semiosis theory.

Gender Stereotypes in English Advertising

2025-03-22T20:30:59+00:00

The aim of the present study is to investigate gender stereotypes represented in electric vehicles advertisements dating from the late 19^th century – early 20^th century. The methodology employed in this research work has gone through a process of data collection, data processing, and data analysis. For the purposes of this study, the data were collected from the Internet sites, resulting in the qualitative and quantitative content analyses of 1,000 early electric vehicles advertisements. The research work explores gender-marked language used in sample advertisements. The analyzed linguistic material demonstrates that words with gender connotation are frequently employed. The author of the paper has found out quantitative differences in the usage of the masculine and feminine gender-marked vocabulary in sample advertisements. The findings indicate that feminine nominations significantly outnumber the masculine ones. According to investigation more than 80% of all gender-marked nouns used in advertisements denote women. Adjectives that are used to modify gender-marked nouns have a positive evaluative meaning and refer to either women’s physical appearance or men’s competence. Results also show that in early electric vehicles advertisements representations of men and women are very often consistent with gender stereotypes. The main gender stereotypes are identified. In sample advertisements, men are often featured in professional roles and are portrayed as competent, ambitious, and successful. Women are portrayed as focusing more on their appearance and are depicted in non-working recreational roles. In advertising, women often appear in a traditional gender role of a wife, daughter, sister.

E. A. Poe’s Poetics: An Interdisciplinary Research

2025-03-27T06:19:16+00:00

The article focuses on the research of the components of E. A. Poe’s poetics. The study generalizes and systematizes existing approaches to analyzing idiolect and idiostyle as the components of an individual authorʼs poetics. The term «idionarration» is introduced as the third component of Poe’s poetics to denote the author’s individual preferences in selecting narrative structures in both poetry and prose. The study suggests a combined application of linguostylistic and empirical methods to investigate the specificity of the author’s poetics as a system. Within the present research, a checklist for examining narrativity in poetry is introduced. To show its application a comparative analysis of Poe’s poems «Annabel Lee» and «Hymn» is offered.

Lexical Neologisms in English: Formation, Trends, and Cultural Impact

2025-03-05T05:49:43+00:00

Lexical neologisms, or neologisms, play an important role in developing the English language, reflecting dynamic changes in society, culture, technology, and politics. This article analyzes the main reasons for the emergence of new lexical units in the English language, their classification, and their impact on modern culture. Among the main reasons for the emergence of neologisms, technological progress, socio-cultural changes, globalization and innovations in communication stand out. The article examines the main methods of neologism formation, particularly composition, affixation, contraction, acronym, and rethinking of meanings. Special attention is paid to technological neologisms that have become integral to professional and everyday speech. Words such as "blockchain", "cryptocurrency" and "Metaverse" illustrate how innovations affect the development of vocabulary. In addition, household neologisms that arise in response to modern social trends and cultural phenomena, such as "selfie", "binge-watch" and "dad joke", are studied. The article also highlights the main challenges associated with studying and integrating neologisms into educational materials and dictionaries. Analyzing the prospects for the development of lexical neologisms, the authors predict a further increase in their number due to the development of artificial intelligence, the impact of intercultural communication, and the spread of virtual realities. The conclusions emphasize the importance of studying neologisms for understanding the linguistic and sociocultural processes that shape modern English.

Modelling of the Concept of WORD in Linguistic Aphorisms and Figurative Expressions

2025-03-27T06:21:03+00:00

The article attempts to model the concept of WORD taking into account the peculiarities of its representation in linguistic aphorisms and figurative expressions. It has been noted that the verbalisation of the concept in the analysed linguistic units is largely influenced by the genre of aphorism itself and the specificity of its interpretation, which is determined by the author's way of thinking, mentality, experience, and speciality. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to identify the cognitive meanings of the nuclear and peripheral zones of the concept of WORD in linguistic aphorisms and figurative expressions in the form of conceptual, figurative, and value information. It has been proved that the word in aphoristic contexts acquires the features of linguocognitive and linguocultural concepts that complement each other, thus creating its conceptual semantic integrity. The linguocognitive understanding of the concept of WORD actualises its meanings within the linguistic paradigm, and the linguocultural aspect objectifies it as a unit of national mentality. The figurative component of the concept WORD is represented by figurative and associative features, outlined on the basis of metaphorical nomination. The value component of the analysed concept is represented by the contrast of its positive and negative connotations.

Three War Years – Three New Year’s Greetings by Ukrainian President: From Ideas to Verbal Effects

2025-02-13T21:21:02+00:00

The paper proves that the wartime New Year's greetings (2022-2024) by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy comprise two main sections: cumulative, creating an image of the state and its citizens; culminating, demonstrating the strength of Ukraine and its citizens to different parties of the military confrontation. In separate texts, the cumulative image is formed in different order depicting the strength of the nation, the state, various groups of people and each citizen from different perspectives. In 2022, the formation of the nation’s cumulative image begins with outlining the Ukrainians’ otherness-unity with passing over to representing Ukraine as a person and a state while characterizing different places, separate groups of citizens and appealing to individuals. Conversely, the cumulative section of the 2023 greetings begins with individualization, which gives way to the image of Ukraine and an appeal to particular groups of citizens. The 2024 New Year's address is marked by a consistent portrayal of the nation from the perspectives of a family, a powerful person, an army, citizens, teenagers, engineers, and the Ukrainian language. The culminating sections of the three greetings vary in addressing different war parties. In 2022, this section presents our country to the world and its citizens in terms of restoring their peaceful life. In 2023, the cumulative result serves as the basis for demonstrating Ukraine’s international victories and verbal resistance to the enemy. In 2024, the cumulative image of the state renders its power to various confronting parties: the whole world, fellow citizens who found themselves on the temporarily occupied territories and abroad, as well as guides the country into the coming year. The paper reveals the leading role of pronouns, verbs, and morphosyntactic constructions in creating the discussed images and effects.

Dominant Lexical and Grammatical Means of Stylistic Expression of the Texts of English and German-language National Anthems

2025-02-27T19:34:24+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of the means of creating artistic imagery in the texts of English and German national anthems. The aim of the work is to clarify the dominant lexical and grammatical means, methods and techniques of linguostylistics, used in the texts of the mentioned anthems. The research methods are established procedures and methods of stylistic interpretation and hermeneutic description of observed speech phenomena, as well as a comparative analysis of the means of expression characteristic of these texts.

It was found that among the whole variety of stylistic figures, techniques and means known to linguistics, only two of their lexical and grammatical types are used in the studied texts – figures of substitution (tropes) and figures of addition. At the same time, it was noticed that only that part of the figures of substitution is implemented here, the logical and semantic basis of which is comparison, and among the figures of addition – that part of them that is based on repetition. It was proved that among the former for hymns, similes, periphrase, metaphor and metonymy are productive, and among the latter – amplification, syntactic parallelism, anaphora and epiphora. The most productive trope among both text clusters was the epithet – the only stylistic device that brings together figures of substitution and figures of addition. It is also proven that, being quantitatively limited in terms of the dominance of the aforementioned hyperonymic figures, the stylistic “assortment” of the texts of English and German-language hymns turns out to be completely unlimited in terms of their hyponymic varieties – descending means of aesthetic expression of artistic speech.

Stylistic figures, techniques and means, actualized in the texts of English and German-language anthems, turn out to be aimed at the implementation of a single cognitive-suggestive guideline – aesthetic influence on the clients of the discourse through artistic imagery.

Metaphor as a Pragmatic Tool for Stylistic Enhancement: Cognitive and Translation Studies Perspectives

2025-01-11T16:04:19+00:00

Among the myriad tools of linguistic expression, metaphor stands out as a potent means of enriching language and influencing audiences. This paper explores metaphor as a pragmatic tool for stylistic enhancement, drawing insights from cognitive theory and translation studies.

Traditionally, research on metaphor was primarily linguistic. However, in the latter half of the 20th century, scholars shifted towards understanding metaphor as a reflection of cognitive processes and a mechanism for structuring human concepts. The objective of this article is to define metaphor as a pragmatic means of stylistic expression and to elucidate its various functions within texts.

A cognitive approach to metaphor, championed by researchers from both national and international backgrounds, interprets metaphor as a complex cognitive phenomenon with implications for communication, psychology, and cognition. Metaphor serves multiple functions, including stylistic enhancement, cognitive structuring, and communicative efficacy.

In translation studies, metaphor poses unique challenges due to its cultural and linguistic nuances. Reproducing metaphors accurately requires a nuanced understanding of their contextual and conceptual underpinnings. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing research, this paper aims to provide practical guidance for translating metaphors effectively, considering their diverse functions within texts.

The study identifies various functions of metaphor, including its role in cognition, communication, and stylistic expression. Metaphor serves as a cognitive instrument, shaping thought and perception, while also enhancing the aesthetic and emotional impact of texts. Additionally, metaphor is crucial in genre formation, heuristic exploration, and mnemonic encoding.

Moving forward, future research will delve deeper into the intricacies of translating metaphors and develop practical strategies for reproducing them in different linguistic and cultural contexts. By understanding the multifaceted nature of metaphor and its pragmatic functions, translators can ensure the faithful and impactful rendition of metaphorical expressions in translated texts.

The Morphological Analysis of the Toponyms of Samurzaqano

2025-01-22T10:44:40+00:00

This article presents an analysis of the morphological and semantic structure of the Georgian and Abkhaz toponyms of Samurzaqano. The relevance of the topic is determined by the following circumstance: specifically, after 1993, the toponymic situation in this region changed radically: all toponyms of Georgian origin were prohibited, and Abkhaz names invented by separatists - names that had never existed before or were unofficial versions of Georgian toponyms adapted into the Abkhaz language—became dominant.

Our aim is to provide a detailed morphological analysis of the Georgian and Abkhaz toponyms from the pre-occupation period of the Samurzaqano region in Abkhazia. The research is based on toponyms recorded by the well-known Georgian researcher Paata Tskhadaia.

It was found that the majority of microtoponyms in the studied area are entirely Georgian in structure: they are Georgian, or Mingrelian, or contain Mingrelian roots, bases, and affixes used as derivational affixes.

The second group of toponyms is entirely in the Abkhaz language, and here too, a diverse picture emerges in terms of morphological analysis. Specifically, there are both simple-rooted Abkhaz toponyms and complex-rooted, composite-derived Abkhaz toponyms, in which the morphological and syntactic features characteristic of Abkhaz determinatives and boundary markers are preserved.

The examined material clearly shows that the toponyms of Samurzaqano represent a variety of morphological and semantic groups. It is noteworthy that Kartvelian toponyms and derivational affixes are more dominant, and even in Abkhaz roots, Kartvelian derivational affixes are often present.

Science Fiction ‘Technobabble’: Lexical Features And Translation Challenges

2025-03-31T07:54:23+00:00

The research paper considers the lexical features and translation problems of pseudoterminology in science fiction. The use of pseudoterminology in science fiction works is due to the author's desire to create an illusion of realism for the reader/viewer by using words and combinations of words similar to scientific terms that reflect the realities of the world created by the author. The lexical features of pseudoterminology coincide with the lexical features of real terminology, but the meaning is different, which poses a translation problem. The source material for the study consisted of 100 examples of pseudoterminology used in the dialogue of science fiction films and TV series (Back to the Future, Blade Runner, Doctor Who, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, Stargate SG-1, Star Trek Voyager and Torchwood). The material was selected using a continuous sampling method and analyzed using a statistical method. The article examines the concept of pseudoterminology, its lexical and structural features. The study analyzes the methods of translation and transformation used by translators to convey the pseudoterminology of the original text in Ukrainian. Structurally, pseudoterms are divided into single-word and combinations, which, in turn, are divided into two-component, three-component and multi-component. It was found that the most frequent transformations used in the translation of pseudoscientific terminology in science fiction texts are tracing, transcoding and modulation, which coincides with the reproduction of real terms in the corresponding texts. Scientific research revealed that the translation of pseudoscientific terminology requires significant transformations on the part of the translator to create an adequate parallel text and bring the translation closer to equivalence.